Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) Philosophical Thought 1973-2873 6 2 2026 04 21 Aristotelian and Modern Logic Approaches to “Copula” Aristotelian and Modern Logic Approaches to “Copula” 243 250 28979 10.58209/jpt.6.2.243 FA S.M.A. Hodjati Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2026 05 18 In Aristotelian logic, the analysis of a categorical sentence is tripartite, i.e., “subject”, “predicate,” and “copula”. In contrast, in modern logic- Fregean and Russellian- it is bipartite. i.e., “function” and “argument”. Although some writings by Aristotelian logicians mention bipartite analysis, scrutiny reveals that they still consider the copula, even if they hide it. This difference in analysis seems rooted in their approaches: the Aristotelian approach is linguistic, and the modern approach is semantic. In sum, we may say that the modern approach is more logical and has consequences that Aristotelian logic ignores. In Aristotelian logic, the analysis of a categorical sentence is tripartite, i.e., “subject”, “predicate,” and “copula”. In contrast, in modern logic- Fregean and Russellian- it is bipartite. i.e., “function” and “argument”. Although some writings by Aristotelian logicians mention bipartite analysis, scrutiny reveals that they still consider the copula, even if they hide it. This difference in analysis seems rooted in their approaches: the Aristotelian approach is linguistic, and the modern approach is semantic. In sum, we may say that the modern approach is more logical and has consequences that Aristotelian logic ignores. https://jpt.modares.ac.ir/article_28979_b0e3a2dce163aba52c5c6e4860bdc005.pdf