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The aporia of causal necessity can be defined by looking at the dilemma of (1) the permanent, logical, and metaphysical concomitance of necessity and causation, or (2) the negation of one without the negation of the other, and in fact, the denial of the permanent concomitance of necessity and causation. This Aristotelian doctrine that everything has a cause cannot necessarily be a logical and philosophical result of determinism, the negation of the possibility of the future, and the collapse of potentiality into actuality. Necessity is the description of the causality that occurred in the context of the current reality of the present and the past, not the causality that occurs in the future. It is possible not to consider this meaning of necessity as requiring determinism and the principle of causality. In fact, the operator and the logical and metaphysical modality of causality is the actual reality of necessity, which is not always coextensive with determinism. By ignoring the final cause, Democritus reduces all the actions of nature to necessity. The reductionism resulting from the denial of the teleology of the world is a characteristic feature of Democritean mechanical necessitism.

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Molavi has not lost the way of mystery, hence Quran verses and hadis and religious narration reflect the great works especially in Masnavi. This study is the religious narration of Balal due to Arabic books , Seyreh and history which refers to Molavi's Masnavi, then changes which show transferring of simple news to readable texts with different meanings by analytical description, to analyze the comparative principles (French school), due to Islamic approaches, he has come to this fact that Molavi has added some points due to increase of text, inspire the life philosophy, adaptation, translation, and interpretations of main tale which caused to change characters and their importance, changing contextual text, inter-textual relations and language functions. Molavi's changes refer to form and content, the poetic format of Masnavi is to make piece, to make story longer, besides plot(Moazenio Beheshti as Balal), the separate interpretations are figurative, to change the main character of story, using conversation, dream interpreter of Abubakr which shows his honesty in knowledge. The expression of love in Manavi is part of increase gashtar, to reflect Molavi's thought and poetic art.

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sattar Zarkalam Assistant Professor Department of Law, Shahed University  Open networks such as the Internet are of increasing importance for world-wide communication. They offer the possibility of interactive communication between parties who may not have pre - established relationships. They offer new business opportunities by creating tools to strengthen productivity and to reduce costs, as well as new methods of reaching customers. In order to make the best use of these opportunities, a secure environment with respect to electronic authentication (non-repudiation) is needed. Several different methods exist to sign documents electronically varying from very simple methods (e.g. inserting a scanned image of a handwritten signature in a word processing document) to very advanced methods (e.g. digital signatures using "public key cryptography"). Part one gives an overview of how electronic signatures are defined by international organization such as UNCITRAL and EU as well as French legislator, which recently modified its civil law. In Part two, the evidentiary value of electronic signature in traditional law, both, open and closed system have been evaluated. And finally the approaches of solving these conflicts are discussed.

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Abstract There are numerous applications for gas turbine discs in the aerospace industries such as in turbojet engines. These discs normally work under high temperature while subjected to high angular velocities. Minimizing the weight of such items in aerospace applications results in benefits such as low dead weights and lower costs. Optimization of rotating discs is historically, an area of research due to their vast utilization in industry. The gas turbine disc is one of examples to name. Gas turbine discs work mostly at high temperature gradients and are subjected to high angular velocities. High speed results in large centrifugal forces in disc and simultaneous high temperatures reduces the disc material strength, thus the later increases stress in disc automatically. In order to obtain a reliable disc analysis and arrive at the corresponding correct stress distribution, solution should consider changes in material properties due to the temperature field throughout the disc. To this end, an inhomogeneous disc model with variable thickness is considered. Using the variable material properties method, stresses are obtained for the disc under rotation and a steady temperature field. In this paper this is done by modeling the rotating disc as a series of different rings with constant properties. The optimum disc profile is arrived at by sequentially proportioning the thickness of each ring to satisfy stress requirements. In this paper these are done using the simplex method. Simplex algorithm is applied in Ansys software and the results are presented.

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Objective: Herpes simplex virus (HSVs) is a widespread human infectious agent, responsible for persistent and latent infections. Herpes simplex virus infections are usually continually recurrent in the normal population and represent a significant cause of complications in immunocompromised patients. Materials and Methods: In this study HSVs were propagated in BK cells and more than 502 samples were taken and analyzed for HSV IgG antibodies using Virus Neutralization Test (VNT) as golden standard test for evaluating in house Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: Based on the results 80.48 % and 81.67% were positive (1.8) in VNT and ELISA respectively. There was a significant correlation between the VNT and ELISA tests in the tested samples (Pearson’s r = 0.96). Conclusions: Our data showed that the in house ELISA can be used for screening and determination of the prevalence of HSV IgG antibodies, which can facilitates patient management using suitable and cost effective laboratory diagnostic tests.

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Stress is a linguistic property of a word that specifies which syllable in the word is stronger than any of the others. Early studies such as Fry (1955, 1958), Lieberman (1960), Beckman (1986), Harrington, Beckman, and Palethorpe (1998) (see also Laver, 1994 for an overview) have shown that there are clear acoustic differences between stressed and unstressed syllables: stressed syllables are realized with higher pitch, higher intensity, longer duration, and more peripheral vowel quality than unstressed syllables. Studies in many stress-accent languages show that the stressed realization of a syllable differs from the unstressed realization of the same syllable by having higher pitch. Also, results have showed that speakers consistently use duration to distinguish between open and central vowels that contrasted in stress at the word level. In contrast with F0 and duration, the relation of intensity variation in the speech signal to word stress is still controversial.
In this paper, we investigated the role of acoustic factors involved in perceptually differentiating simple past from present perfect verbs in Persian, through manipulation of fundamental frequency (F0) and duration. Thus, tokens were resynthesized from the phonetic forms of Persian simple past and present perfect verbs in which F0 and duration were manipulated in several steps. The target tokens were presented to some native Persian participants to identify as simple past or present perfect. Results suggested that Persian listeners’ judgements of the tense of the target tokens depend, to a great extent, on the local F0 values of the verbs’ syllables as any amount of increase in the local F0 points of the respective syllables can categorically change the listeners’ judgements about the temporal reading of the verbs involved. On the other hand, results for duration showed that values of this parameter fail to produce a significant effect on listeners’ judgements.  
1. Introduction
Stress is a linguistic property of words. It specifies the syllable that is stronger than any of the others. Early studies have shown that there are clear acoustic differences between stressed and unstressed syllables: stressed syllables are realized with a higher pitch, higher intensity, longer duration, and more peripheral vowel quality than unstressed syllables (Sluijter and van Heuven, 1996). Studies in many stress-accent languages show that the stressed realization of a syllable differs from the unstressed realization of the same syllable by having a higher pitch. Also, results have shown that speakers consistently used duration to distinguish between open and central vowels that contrasted in stress at the word level, while stress contrast between open vowels at the sentence level was mainly cued by the accompanying intonational prominence contrast. In contrast with F0 and duration, the relation of intensity variation in the speech signal to word stress is still controversial. On the one hand, previous work has generally emphasized that intensity manipulations prove much weaker cues than duration in stress perception. On the other hand, several different operationalizations of intensity such as intensity summed over time (Beckman, 1986) and spectral tilt; i.e., the degree to which intensity changes as frequency increases (Sluijter and van Heuven, 1996a; Sluijter, van Heuven, and Pacilly, 1997), are consistent correlates of stress. For example, Sluijter and van Heuven (1996) argue that previous research which has shown loudness variation to be virtually inconsequential for stress perception is usually based on analyses that do not distinguish between word stress, on the one hand, and prominence resulting from pitch accent on the other. They notice that the traditional account of stress as a local increase in loudness seems justified if a more accurate measure of intensity is chosen.
Simple past and present perfect verbs in Persian are segmentally similar in colloquial speech and only different in terms of the stress position. The morphological structure of present perfect in Persian incudes two verbal morphemes: (1) the perfect marker /-e/ and (2) person and number marker. In colloquial speech, the perfect marker /-e/ is deleted and the following vowel (e.g., the vowel of the person and number marker) is pronounced longer than usual.
The present study is intended to investigate how simple past and present perfect verbs in Persian colloquial speech are acoustically differentiated and to what extent the acoustic cues to verb morphological identity are used in perception.  We hypothesized that both F0 and duration can be used as reliable acoustic cues to perceptually distinguish simple past and present perfect verbs in Persian. The research is innovative in that it is the first experimental study that investigates the phonetic differences between simple past and present perfect verbs in Persian. 

2. Methodology
In a perception experiment, we investigated the role of acoustic factors involved in perceptually differentiating simple past from present perfect verbs in Persian, through manipulation of fundamental frequency (F0) and duration. Thus, tokens were resynthesized from the phonetic forms of Persian simple past and present perfect verbs in which F0 and duration were manipulated in several steps. The target tokens were presented to some native Persian participants to decide whether they are simple past or present perfect. Twenty speakers of Standard Persian (10 male and 10 female) participated in the perception experiment.
Fundamental frequency and duration were examined in a perception experiment as the potential parameters (based on the production experiment) to distinguish between simple past and present perfect. Two verbs were chosen from the production experiment to be manipulated in three ways through several steps.
The first type of stimuli was created through 5 ten-Hz steps by increasing peak height of syllable A in simple past verbs (from 210 to 250 Hz and from 130 to 170 Hz for the verb /dozdidænd/ “steal-Past-3rd PL” and /dʒængidænd/ “fight- Past-3rd PL”, respectively) (Fig. 2). The second type of stimuli was made by increasing peak height of syllable B in present perfect verbs through 5 steps (from 134 to 184 Hz and from 133 to 173 Hz for the verbs “dozdidænd/ “steal-Past-3rd PL” and /dʒængidænd/ “fight- Past-3rd PL”, respectively (Fig. 2). Finally, the height of peak was kept constant for the respective verbs and the duration of syllable A in simple past verbs was increased through five 12-ms steps. The same procedure was applied for syllable B in present perfect verbs (Fig. 3).

3. Results
Results showed that the stimuli are perceived as simple past where syllable A is at least 15 Hz higher in pitch than syllable B. According to the results, the stimuli are perceived as present perfect where syllable B is at least 10 Hz higher in pitch than syllable A. Finally, the matching judgements for the stimulus pairs based on duration showed that the steps of duration yielded about 50 % identification responses irrespective of the type of stimuli (simple past or present perfect).   
   
4. Conclusion
In general, the results of the perception experiment carried out in this research suggested that Persian listeners’ judgements of the tense of the target tokens depend, to a great extent, on the local F0 values of the verbs’ syllables as any amount of increase in the local F0 points of the respective syllables can categorically change the listeners’ judgements about the temporal reading of the verbs involved. On the other hand, results for duration showed that values of this parameter fail to produce a significant effect on listeners’ judgements.

 

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In this paper, a new method based on Pareto Simplex Search (PSS) has been employed to find the communications satellite optimal transfer trajectory from geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) to geosynchronous orbit (GEO) as the destination operational zone. We solve this problem through using a mathematically efficient algorithm and in all transferring phases, considering transfer orbits to intermediate orbits; it is supposed that the orbital maneuver control unit has continuous performance characteristics. The system governing equations representing the two body system of a spacecraft and primary gravitational source and thrust force applying to spacecraft, are defined in a nonlinear form. In this systematic approach we incorporate system dynamics as the problem constraints, and both minimum-time and fuel consumption using constant acceleration simultaneously as the problem strategy to find the optimal transfer trajectory between two orbits. Set of optimal trajectories are plotted in Pareto Front and transfer trajectory can be selected from these points.

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Objective: Infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 induces viral latency in neuron trigeminal ganglions. The late associated transcript (LAT) is uniquely expressed in infected neural cells, however no coding protein associated with these transcripts has been identified in infected cells. It has been shown that six microRNAs transcribed from LAT have the capabilities to affect the cell signaling pathways, thus interfering in pathways such as those of cell differentiation and proliferation. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway is a critical pathway among cell signaling circuits. The Smad4 protein, as an important member of the TGF-β signaling pathway, mediates the connection between membrane receptors, cytoplasmic kinases, and nuclear transcription factors. Methods: This study bioinformatically and experimentally evaluated LAT microRNA expression and assessed microRNA targeting of Smad4 transcripts in human neuroblastoma cells by using real-time PCR. Results: Analysis of two different softwares results showed that the Smad4 gene was targeted by LAT-derived microRNAs at multiple sites. Over-expression of LAT microRNAs in BE2(c) cells caused reduction in Smad4 transcripts. Conclusion: The results of bioinformatical analysis with relative quantification of Smad4 transcripts and its downstream-related genes such as cyclinD, CDK2, and Myc showed that the LAT transcript could control Smad4 expression.

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One of the most important issues in industry, particular casting industry is to determine the internal structure of objects such as identifying the interfacial boundary configurations between material, identification of impurities or mechanical properties of the material. The objective of the present inverse problem is to identified simultaneously two regular interfacial boundary configurations and mechanical properties of the components of a multiple (three) connected domains using a discrete number of displacement measurements obtained from an uniaxial tension test. A unique combination of a global optimization method i.e. the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) and local optimization methods i.e. Simplex Method (SM) along with the inverse application of the Boundary Elements Method (BEM) are employed in an inverse software package. A fitness function, which is the summation of squared differences between the measured displacements and computed at identical locations on the exterior boundary, is minimized. The obtained results (run-time and error-rate), clearly demonstrate the efficiency of this present algorithm (the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm and Simplex Method) to optimize the objective function and the estimation simultaneously two regular interfacial boundary configurations and mechanical properties.

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The forces due to the unbalance in a system cause undesired vibration and noise, and reduce the system life. One of the new and efficient methods used to reduce the unbalance is the use of automatic dynamic ball balancer. The automatic dynamic ball balancer is a typical passive balancer which doesn't need control systems to balance the rotor. Because these devices are used in the systems which have variable unbalance according to the operating conditions and the system may be switched on and off several times a day, therefore reducing the balancing time becomes a necessary task. In practice, the gyroscopic effect is created for several reasons, e.g. when the rotor is located offset from the shaft midspan. Previous studies have not determined the optimum values of the damping ratio and mass of balls of the automatic dynamic ball balancer under the gyroscopic effect. In this study, the effect of damping ratio and the mass of balls of the automatic dynamic ball balancer on the stability and balancing of the system under the gyroscopic effect have been investigated and, using the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm, the optimum values of these parameters to minimize the time of balancing and converging the Euler angles to zero are obtained.

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   Under company law, the term “statutory (actual) merger” in its broad sense is meant that one, two or more corporations, especially stock corporations, are controlled by a single corporation. Stock corporations can control other stock corporation(s) in three ways: merger, purchase of stock, and purchase of assets. The first type is named “actual merger”, and when it takes effect, the separate existence of merged stock corporation(s) ceases to exist, and the survivor or new corporation will be the successor of the merged corporations. In the second and third types, which are generally referred to it as “acquisition”, the separate existence of merged stock corporation(s) continues after conclusion of the contract. In the light of the special nature of statutory merger, and the established principles therein, which are contrary to the general principles applied to usual agreements and contracts, only those principles can be adopted in the prescribed cases. Also the rules and principles named in the Article 105 of the 5^th developing Act are not enough. Thus, it is necessary for legislature to enact complete regulations applicable to actual merger; as it did in cooperative companies, so as to extend such rules to all types of corporations. The definition of “Statutory (actual) merger” is the same in Iranian and English laws. It contains simple merger and combined merger in English law the statutory (actual) merger is unilateral merger and bilateral or multilateral merger in Iranian law; this category is compatible with the simple merger and complex merger in English law.  
*Corresponding Author`s E-mail: Tafreshi@modares.ac.ir

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Combined shear extrusion (CSE) is a new severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique to produce bulk ultra-fine grained materials. CSE is obtained by the combination of simple and pure shear extrusion. This technique is based on definitions of pure and simple shear. In the present work, the nonlinear (large) deformation elasticity theory is used for obtaining the shear strain applied to the sample under pure shear extrusion with various angles of distortion. Also plastic deformation characteristics of CSE method were analyzed with finite element analysis using commercial Deform 3D software. Shear strain and effective strain applied to the sample, the load required to carry out the process and the final shape of the cross-sectional area were studied for different angles of distortion. Analytical results and finite element analysis shows by increasing the angles of distortion, shear strain and increased rate of shear strain applied to the sample increased so the effective strain and load required to carry out the process increases. Analysis of finite element and geometry of the die shows that distribution of shear strain and effective strain is inhomogeneously and symmetrical in specimen’s cross section which increases from the center to the corners and by increasing the angles of distortion, distribution of strain becomes more inhomogeneously, also the final shape of the cross-sectional area deforms more.

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Suitability analysis is a prerequisite for sustainable agricultural production and it involves evaluation of the environmental parameters. The development and creation of appropriate points for this land use without considering environmental capability will result in the appearance of several ecological, economic, and social problems. The Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Models were used for solving such problems. Takestan-Qazvin region is one of the biomes that have difficulties due to lack of a systematic administration on environmental resources. This research was done in the framework of the ecological model and by using multicriteria decision making methods such as Analytic Network Process (ANP), Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) and Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje - Analytical Hierarchy Process (VIKOR-AHP)in GIS environment with the aim of choosing the suitable locations for agricultural land use in Takestan-Qazvin Plain. However, the purpose of this study was twofold: first, it was aimed at determining the ecological capability of agricultural land use by using ANP and SAW methods. Second, the suitable agricultural alternatives in this region were ranked using the integrated VIKOR and AHP models. In these methods, the ratings and the weights of the criteria are known precisely. Ecological factors such as physical and biological parameters and economic - social factors were chosen as the major criteria affecting the agriculture land use. The research indicated that north parts of the study area were not suitable for agricultural development. Finally, the conclusion showed that the application of decision making models could be useful in environmental capacity evaluation of agricultural land use.

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Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Liliaceae) is an important traditional medicinal plant of the Yunnan Province in China. However, the genomic information regarding this plant is limited. To further understand its molecular background, we conducted Illumina HiSeq 2000 second-generation sequencing of this plant species. Approximately 30,198,679 reads with an average length of 202 bases were obtained from its root cells. These reads were assembled into 56,095 unique sequences and approximately 49.7% of the unique sequences were annotated by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) similarity searches against public sequence databases. Most of these unigenes were mapped to carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. Additionally, 3,853 EST-SSRs were identified as potential molecular markers in our unigenes. Of these, 9 nuclear SSR markers were employed to assess genetic diversity and structure of 11 geographically disjunct populations. The present study revealed a moderate genetic diversity (He= 0.527) and low genetic differentiation (Fst= 0.103), which may be ascribed to an earlier period of more pronounced gene flow when the species had a more continuous distribution. The 11 studied populations were divided into two clusters based on the UPGMA dendrogram, which were not congruent with their geographical distributions. Overall, the root transcriptome sequences generated in this study reveal novel gene expression profiles and offer important clues for further study of the molecular mechanism of Paris’ root secondary metabolite synthesis and population genetics. The EST-SSR markers identified will also facilitate marker-assisted selection in Paris breeding.

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The detection of Genetically Modified (GM) organisms is becoming a legal necessity. This study was carried out to detect genetically modified events in soybeans imported into Iran using simplex and multiplex PCR. Therefore, five samples of imported soybean were obtained from Bandar Imam Khomeini customs. Modified CTAB method was used to extract DNA from soybean seeds. The result indicates that the modified method is suitable for DNA extraction from soybean seeds and probably can be used for other oilseeds. Using specific primers for CaMV 35S promoter, NOS terminator and epsps gene PCR reactions were performed. In this study soybean lectin gene was used as internal control. The results revealed that soybean samples imported from Canada and Paraguay were genetically modified and they had CaMV 35S promoter, NOS terminator and epsps gene in their genomes. The result of simplex PCR was the same as multiplex PCR, but multiplex PCR detected the GM soybeans very quickly and in a cost-saving and time-consuming way. Based on PCR analysis using GM soybean event-specific primers, it is suggested that the soybean plants may be GTS 40-3-2. No fragment was amplified when the DNA of US or Non-GM soybeans were used as template in the PCR reaction. This is the first report that shows GM soybeans imported to Iran without use of the "GMO" label in the shipment's documentation.

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One of the main issues relating the commercial companies is merger. Merger is a contract by which one company or more enter the mentioned company according to a mutual agreement and lose their juristic personality unilateral or simple integration, or several commercial companies,  ,while fading their own juristic personality, create a new company without entering the liquidation step bilateral or multilateral or compound integration. Since in the merger, the property of the merged companies is one of the main and determinative factors, how to calculate the property of the merged companies is very important; the affair based on which is specified the value of the shares or its partners portion and quantum of property interest and responsibilities of partners or new company. There are various theories about the criteria for the suitable time of calculating the value of conclusion of the merger contract. Determining the agreed date for assessment, the nominal value of shares or partners portion, and the real value of stock or partner’s portion are the criteria presented in this study.

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As the diploid progenitor of common wheat, Aegilops tauschii is used as a genetic resource for improving common wheat. In this study, the genetic differentiation index between Yellow River (Shaanxi and Henan) and Xinjiang groups (0.322, 0.377) were obviously higher than between the former and Central Asia groups (0.231, 0.289). Meanwhile, the genetic distances between Yellow River (Shaanxi and Henan) and Xinjiang groups (0.285, 0.329) exhibit larger values compared with those between the former and Central Asia groups (0.283, 0.321). These results reveal that the genetic constitution of Yellow River and Central Asia groups is of more similarity compared with Xinjiang group. The phylogenetic tree demonstrates that Ae. tauschii in Yellow River and part of that in Central Asia are firstly gathered to be a subset. Then the subset and Xinjiang group are classified into a clade, which could be assigned to Central Asia and Middle East populations, implying that Ae. tauschii in Yellow River has a closer relationship with part of that in Central Asia compared with Xinjiang. Our finding further clarifies that Ae. tauschii in Yellow River might be directly derived from one/several types from Central Asia such as Turkmenistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.