تبیین استعاره‌های «ذهن» و استنتاج دلالت‌های آن در تعلیم و تربیت

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل

نویسنده

گروه معارف، دانشکده الهیات و علوم اسلامی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

چکیده
در این مقاله ابتدا به توصیف استعاره‌های فیلسوفان برای «ذهن» و سپس به دسته‌بندی و بررسی انتقادی آنها، و در نهایت به استنتاج دلالت‌های آن در تعلیم و تربیت اقدام نمودم. نتایج حاکی از آن است که نُه استعاره‌ در باب ذهن به کار رفته که بر اساس آنها ذهن را به منفعل و فعال تقسیم کردم. از میان استعاره‌های مذکور، استعاره‌ زمین مستعد و استعاره‌ عینک، استعاره‌های فعال‌نگر هستند که بر اساس آنها - برخلاف استعاره‌های دیگر - هر دانش‌آموز نوعی منحصربه‌فرد و موجودی است متفکر، دارای آزادی انتخاب، فردیت و تشخّص. این دیدگاه نگاهی سیال به انسان دارد و اختیارگراست و به او نگاه ماشینی ندارد. دلالت‌های نگرش مذکور در عناصر برنامه درسی در جدولی ارایه شده است. چون هر معلمی دارای یک فلسفه‌ شخصی است، نوع نگرش وی به ذهن دانش‌آموزان می‌تواند به روش‌ یاددهی و شیوه‌ برخورد وی با آنان جهت بدهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

- Ahmady S, Yaghmaei M, Arab M, Monajemi A (2016). Metaphor in education: Hidden but effective. Journal of Medical Education. 15(1):52-57.
- Ali Ibn Abi Talib (2012). NAHJ AL-BALAGHAH. Dashti M, translator. Qom: NASHTA. [Persian]
- Aristotle (1999). On the soul. Davoodi AM, translator. 4th edition. Tehran: HEKMAT. [Persian]
- Bagheri Kh (2004). Realistic constructivism: Reconstructing George Kelly's personal constructivism. Journal of Psychology and Education. 34(1):21-55. [Persian]
- Chalmers DJ (1995). The conscious mind. Santa Cruz: University of California Press.
- Chateau J (2005). The great teachers. Shokohi Gh, translator. Tehran: University of Tehran Press. [Persian]
- Copleston FC (2008). History of philosophy. vol. 6. Saadat I, Mojtabavi SJ, Bozorgmehr M, translators. Tehran: SOROUSH. [Persian]
- Dortier JF (2005). Humanities (expansion of cognitions). Kotobi M, Rafi Far J, Fakoohi N, translators. Tehran: NEY. [Persian]
- Ebrahimian SH (2008). Epistemology from the perspective of some Islamic and Western philosophers. Qom: DAFTER E TABLIGHAT E ESLAMI. [Persian]
- Eisner EW (1994). The educational imagination: On the design and evaluation of education programs. New York: Macmillan.
- Elias JL (2006). Philosophy of education (ancient and contemporary). Zarrabi A, translator. Qom: Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute. [Persian]
- Farmahini Farahani M (2003). Proceedings of the conference on educational evaluation. Tehran: TAZKIAEH. [Persian]
- Folkieh P (1998). General philosophy or metaphysics. Mahdavi Y, translator. Tehran: University of Tehran Press. [Persian]
- Freire P (1979). Educating the oppressed. Birshak A, Rad S, translators. Tehran: KHARAZMI. [Persian]
- Gutek GL (2009). Philosophical schools and educational ideas. Pakseresht MJ, translator. Tehran: SAMT. [Persian]
- Hashemi A (2009). JAVAHER AL-BALAGHAH (Volume 2). Erfan H, translator. Qom: BALAGHAT. [Persian]
- Heil J (1999). Philosophy of mind. London: Routledge.
- Hobbes T (2001). Leviathan. Bashiriyeh H, translator. Tehran: NEY. [Persian]
- Jarvis P (2005). Towards a philosophy of human learning: An existentialist perspective. In: Jarvis P, Parker S, editors. Human learning: An holistic approach. London: Routledge.
- Jorjani SS (1986). MANTEGH E KOBRA. Qom: DAR AL-ELM. [Persian]
- Kadivar P (2007). Learning psychology. Tehran: SAMT. [Persian]
- Kardan AM (2008). Evolution of educational thoughts in the West. Tehran: SAMT. [Persian]
- Karkon Beiraq H (2009). A critical approach to artificial intelligence. Mind. 10(36-37):59-84. [Persian]
- Khansari M (1997). Dictionary of logical terms. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. [Persian]
- Khatami M (2002). An introduction to the philosophy of mind. Tehran: JAHAD E DANESHGAHI. [Persian]
- Kneller GF (2008). Introduction to the philosophy of education. Bazargan Deylamqani F, translator. Tehran: SAMT. [Persian]
- Lakoff G (1987). Women, fire, and dangerous things. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Lakoff G, Johnson M (2003). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Landin RW (2003). Theories and systems of psychology. Seyed Mohammadi Y, translator. Tehran: VIRAIESH. [Persian]
- Locke J (2002). An inquiry into human understanding. Rezazadeh Shafaq S, translator. Tehran: SHAFIEE. [Persian]
- McGinn C (2004). Can we solve the mind-body problem?. In: Heil J, editor. Philosophy of mind: A guide and anthology. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mehrmohammadi M (2010). The concept of imagination and its place in curriculum and instruction reconsidered: The case for elementary stage. Foundations of Education. 11(1):5-20. [Persian]
- Miller J (2008). Curriculum theories. Mehrmohammadi M, translator. Tehran: SAMT. [Persian]
- Nejati O (2015). Psychology from the point of view of Muslim scientists. Beheshti S, translator. Tehran: ROSHD. [Persian]
- Ornstein AC, Hunkins FP (2018). Curriculum: Foundations, principles, and issues. England: Pearson Education Limited.
- Plato (2000). The Plato's works. Lotfi MH, translator. Tehran: Khaarazmi Publishing Co. [Persian]
- Postman N (2006). Techno poly: Submission of culture to technology. Tabatabai S, translator. Tehran: ETTELAAT. [Persian]
- Searle JR (1993). Minds, brains and programs. In: Perry J, Bratman M, editors. Introduction to philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 371-383.
- Searle J (2003). Mind, brain and science. Diwani A, translator. Qom: BOOSTAN-E KETAB. [Persian]
- Searle J (2014). The mystery of consciousness. Hosseini SM, translator. Tehran: MARKAZ. [Persian]
- Seif AA (2001). Theory of constructive learning and its educational applications. Quarterly Journal of Education. 17(65): 61-76. [Persian]
- Shamisa S (2000). Expression and meanings. Tehran: FERDOWS. [Persian]
- Sharepour M (2008). Sociology of education. Tehran: SAMT. [Persian]
- Sharifi HP (2004). Measuring performance in the teaching-learning process. Proceedings of the National Conference on Engineering Reform in Education. Tehran: Education Research Institute. [Persian]
- Soleimani NA, Seif SM (2016). Mind as the mirror of nature: Cartesian thought criticized by Rorty. Philosophical Investigations. 12(29):95-132. [Persian]
- Sternberg R (2008). Cognitive psychology. Kharrazi SK, Hejazi E, translators. Tehran: SAMT. [Persian]
- Velmans M (2000). Understanding consciousness. London: Routledge.
دوره 4، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 13
زمستان 1402
زمستان 1402
صفحه 17-32

  • تاریخ دریافت 04 مهر 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش 15 فروردین 1403
  • تاریخ انتشار 15 خرداد 1403