- Abolhasani Niarki F (2024). Altruism based on self-love in Aristotle's theory of friendship "philia" (in Nicomachean Ethics). Philosophical Meditations. 13(31):377-405. [Persian]
- Bentham J (1781). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Kitchener: Batoche Books.
- Cartwright DE (2008). Compassion and solidarity with sufferers: The metaphysics of mitleid. European Journal of Philosophy. 16(2):292-310.
- Etemadi Fard A, Hosseini M (2016). Plato’s Socrates: The relationship between self-knowledge and genuine life and death. Ethical Research. 6(1):5-23. [Persian]
- Foot P (1999). Nietzsche: The revaluation of all values. In: Richardson J, Leiter B. Nietzsche. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Gregor M (1997). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Guay R (2002). Nietzsche on freedom. European Journal of Philosophy. 10(3):302-327.
- Hobbes T (1994). Leviathan. In: Curley E, editor. Leviathan, with selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668. Indianapolis: Hackett.
- Irwin TH (2003). Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics (367-323 BC). In: Gracia JJE, Reichberg GM, Schumacher BN. The classics of western philosophy: A reader's guide. Hoboken: WileyBlackwell. p. 56.
- LaFollette H (2013). The international encyclopedia of ethics (Volume 7). Hoboken: WileyBlackwell.
- Lanier AR (2024). Friedrich Nietzsche. Stanford: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/
- Leiter B (2024). Nietzsche’s moral and political philosophy. Stanford: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Mahboobi Arani H (2019). The aesthetics of lyric poetry in Nietzsche’s the birth of tragedy. KIMIYA-YE-HONAR. 7(28):7-21. [Persian]
- Mill JS (2002). The basic writings of John Stuart Mill: On liberty, the subjection of women & utilitarianism. New York: Modern Library.
- Nietzsche F (1886). Beyond good and evil. Hollingdale RJ, translator. New York: Vintage.
- Nietzsche F (1968). The will to power. Kaufmann W, Hollingdale RJ, translators. New York: Random House.
- Nietzsche F (1978). Thus spoke Zarathustra. Kaufmann W, translator. In: The portable Nietzsche. London: Penguin Books. p. 429-436.
- Nietzsche F (1995). Human all too human I & Human all too human II (Volume 3). Handwerk G, translator. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
- Nietzsche F (2013). Human all too human I & Human all too human II (Volume 4). Handwerk G, translator. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
- Nietzsche F (2013). On the genealogy of morals. Samuel HB, translator. Redhill: Naxos Audio Books. p. 12.
- Rand A (1964). The virtue of selfishness. Kolkata: Signet.
- Ree P (2003). Basic writings. Small R, translator. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
-Reginster B (2006). The affirmation of life: Nietzsche on overcoming nihilism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Shaver R (2023). "Egoism". Stanford: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Westacott E (2019). Nietzsche’s concept of the will to power. New York: Thought Co.
- Wicks R (2001). Nietzsche's ethics and his war on 'morality'. Journal of the History of Philosophy. 39(3):450-451.